In the precolonial period the country normally produced enough agricultural commodities to feed its population, and it even maintained a surplus for export. There they constituted a devoutly religious, educated elite who made themselves indispensable to the Hausa kings as government advisers, Islamic judges, and teachers. [88], The U.S. analysts said that "Nigeria is still very much a tribal society" where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. The AG was manoeuvred out of control of the Western Region by the Federal Government and a new pro-government Yoruba party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), took over. B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [89] All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. It might suggest speech and that the figure has something to tell us. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. ", "Nigeria's economy came through the war in better shape than expected." He was assassinated on 13 February 1976 in an abortive coup and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo became head of state. [20], The Dufuna canoe was discovered in 1987 not far from the Komadugu Gana River, in Yobe State. There was a fierce legal battle over the results, with the legitimacy of the victory at stake.[91][92]. By tradition, the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. The Igl are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. There's no documented date for exactly what day and month Nigeria got her name. Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. [50], The Kingdom of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture and the oldest Kingdom in Nigeria. Social, economic, and cultural history also began to grow in prominence. The country's landscape features plains in the north and south. Ghana declined in the 11th century but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the 13th century. He later attempted to renege on this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. [109], Nigeria's Democracy day was originally celebrated on May 29, every year since General Olusegun Obasanjo emerged President in 1999. Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2,000 years ago. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction? A sign of federalism has been the growing visibility of state governors and the inherent friction between Abuja and the state capitals over resource allocation.[97]. Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. On 20 December 1997, the government arrested General Oladipo Diya, ten officers, and eight civilians on charges of coup plotting. On 29 May 2015, Buhari was sworn in as President of Nigeria, becoming the first opposition figure to win a presidential election since independence in 1960. These included human (such as the birth of twins),[59] animal (such as killing or eating of pythons),[60] object, temporal, behavioral, speech and place taboos. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC 5th century AD; terracotta; 38cm (1ft. 3 in. Kano and Rano were known as the "Chiefs of Indigo." Archaeological findings pieced together show that by the . However, over the centuries Nigerians have utilized agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, intercropping, and the use of shallow planting implements to cope with the shortcomings of the soil. Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled in the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following in the 13th century. The Onitsha Kingdom, which was originally inhabited by Igbos from east of the Niger, was founded in the 16th century by migrants from Anioma (Western Igboland). All announced candidates were disqualified from standing for president once a new election format was selected. ), width: 50cm (19.6in. Although he had led Babangida's Transitional Council since 1993, Shonekan was unable to reverse Nigeria's economic problems or to defuse lingering political tension. [55] The Nri had a taboo symbolic code with six types. The PRC promulgated a new constitution based largely on the suspended 1979 constitution, before the 29 May 1999 inauguration of the new civilian president. [43] The Fulani began to enter the Hausa country in the 13th century and by the 15th century, they were tending cattle, sheep, and goats in Borno as well. George's . Nigeria as a nation has a rich and complex history which can be traced to when it first became a British protectorate in 1901. Another factor was the military threat of the Tuareg centred at Agades who penetrated the northern districts of Borno. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. More than 100 were killed in riots before Babangida agreed to hand power to an interim government on 27 August 1993. With the increase of resource spending and oil exportation, Nigerian GDP and HDI (Human Development Index) have risen phenomenally since the economically stagnant rule of Sani Abacha, but the primary population still survives on less than US$2 per day. The central region has hills and plateaus. Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of habitation as early as 6,000 BC. A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. [32], According to the Encyclopedia of African History, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. The weakness of a popular theory that Igbos were stateless rests on the paucity of historical evidence of pre-colonial Igbo society. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nigeria&oldid=1149132929, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Royal Naval Biography (1823), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the RNB (1823) with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Odeyemi, Jacob Oluwole. [41] Respect for the priestly functions of the oni of Ife was a crucial factor in the evolution of Yoruba culture. [51] Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umueri clan, who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure, Eri. The 1965 national election produced a major realignment of politics and a disputed result that set the country on the path to civil war. The national capital is Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory, which was created by decree in 1976. Songhai collapsed in 1591 when a Moroccan army conquered Gao and Timbuktu. [36], The Hausa Kingdoms were a collection of states started by the Hausa people, situated between the Niger River and Lake Chad. In October 2001, hundreds were killed and thousands displaced in communal violence that spread across the states of Benue, Taraba, and Nasarawa. The entire territory of the Royal Niger Company came into the hands of the British government. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . [75] and the Action Group (AG) was a left-leaning party that represented the interests of the Yoruba people in the West. However, the subsequent massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north prompted hundreds of thousands of them to return to the south-east where increasingly strong Igbo secessionist sentiment emerged. ); Muse du quai Branly (Paris). During the 14th and 16th centuries, the demand for gold increased due to European and Islamic states wanting to change their currencies to gold. The soils in the northern states of Kano and Sokoto, however, are not subject to leaching and are therefore easily farmed. The Abiriba and Aro are Brothers whose migration is traced to the Ekpa Kingdom, East of Cross River, their exact take of location was at Ekpa (Mkpa) east of the Cross River. The coastal areas are drained by short rivers that flow into the Gulf of Guinea. circa 800 BC - Jos plateau settled by Nok - a neolithic and iron age civilisation. The Oyo Empire held supremacy over other Yoruba nations like the Egba Kingdom, Awori Kingdom, and the Egbado. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. [67] From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. President Babangida demonstrated his intent to encourage public participation in decision making by opening a national debate on proposed economic reform and recovery measures. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. Kanem expanded westward to include the area that became Borno. The Yoruba-dominated AG became the opposition under its charismatic leader Chief Obafemi Awolowo. The tribunal sentenced Saro-Wiwa and eight others to death and they were executed on 10 November 1995. While that may be a lot of people, population . This lack of primary ethnic support makes Jonathan a target for militaristic overthrow or regional uprisings in the area. Olusegun Obasanjo inherited a country suffering economic stagnation and the deterioration of most democratic institutions. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded according to the Bayajidda legend by the six sons of Bawo, the unique son of the hero and the queen Magajiya Daurama in addition to the hero's son, Biram or Ibrahim, of an earlier marriage. The military Provisional Ruling Council (PRC) under Abubakar commuted the sentences of those accused in the alleged coup during the Abacha regime and released almost all known civilian political detainees. This was especially true after the founding of the Institute for African Studies that brought together experts from many disciplines. The collapse undermined Songhai's hegemony over the Hausa states and abruptly altered the course of regional history. History & Background. [34], Borno's history is closely associated with Kanem, which had achieved imperial status in the Lake Chad basin by the 13th century. This is a figure that seems to be in the midst of a conversation. 4 January 2016. Niger African nation, named for the river Niger, mentioned by that name 1520s (Leo Africanus), probably an alteration (by influence of Latin niger "black") of a local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen, from egereou "big river, sea" + n-igereouen, plural of that word. The neighboring Awka city-state rose in power as a result of their powerful Agbala oracle and metalworking expertise. Head of State Babangida promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africas most populous country. History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. The primary exports were slaves, leather, gold, cloth, salt, kola nuts, and henna. Historically, the Yoruba people have been the dominant group on the west bank of the Niger. Nigerian History since early period till Colonial era January 2019 Authors: Tatiana Voloshina Belgorod State University Discover the world's research Content uploaded by Tatiana Voloshina Author. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. [96], Most civil society leaders and Nigerians witnessed marked improvements in human rights and freedom of the press under Obasanjo. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. [15][16][17] Shaw's excavations at Igbo-Ukwu revealed a 9th-century indigenous culture that created highly sophisticated work in bronze metalworking, independent of Arab or European influence and centuries before other sites that were better known at the time of discovery. A constituent assembly was elected in 1977 to draft a new constitution, which was published on 21 September 1978, when the ban on political activity was lifted. Despite Borno's hegemony the Hausa states continued to wrestle for ascendancy. Borno regained some of its former might in the succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 1790s, again weakening the state. The situation is uncertain, with Nigeria, ..is sliding downhill faster and faster, with less and less chance unity and stability. Pending the promulgation of the constitution written in 1995, the government observed some provisions of the 1979 and 1989 constitutions. In November 2009, he fell ill and was flown out of the country to Saudi Arabia for medical attention. They crossed the river to Urupkam (Usukpam) west of the Cross River and founded two settlements: Ena Uda and Ena Ofia in present-day Erai. On July 29, 1975, Gen. Murtala Mohammed and a group of officers staged a bloodless coup, accusing Gen. Yakubu Gowon of corruption and delaying the promised return to civilian rule. Nigerian relations with the US, cool during the war, are improving, but France may be seen as the future patron. The Yoruba people ( Yoruba: ran Yorb, m Odduw, m Kr-ojire [21]) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. [77] Fighting between the members broke out. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Origin of NAN A new development in the history of the mass media in Nigeria took place in 1976 with the establishment of an independent wire service-the NAN by the Federal Government. The neat protrusion from the chin represents a beard. Daily . [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. 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