Its applications are Organic Synthesis, Pharmaceutical Industry, and Synthesis. This " Bandari Beauty | Skincare Solutions on Instagram: "Mineral sun protection is just a swipe away with Blue Lizards Sensitive Sunscreen Stick. The monoclinic Zintl phases, Na(4)Si(4) and Na(4)Ge(4), contain isolated homo-te Get all suppliers and price by the below link: Home | Cosmetic grade is more refined and is used in cosmetics and skin care, hence the name. Applications Products Services Support. However, highly refined oils are classified as group 3, meaning that they are not suspected to be carcinogenic. WebMineral oil, which is derived from crude oil, can be produced to a range of qualities associated with the oils refining process. Special Warning from DuPont: Tychem and Tyvek fabrics should not be Practically tasteless and odorless, even when warmed. Its composed of mostly alkanesandcycloalkanes. Table 1. WebThe oil is typically 73-80% weight/weight aliphatic hydrocarbons (primarily alkanes and cycloalkanes with l-6 rings); 11-15% monoaromatic hydrocarbons; 2-5% diaromatic hydrocarbons; and 4-8% polyaromatic hydrocarbons (Vasquez-Duhalt 1989). (NTP, 1992) Hazards Reactivity Alerts none Air & Water Reactions Flammable. HWQH~_/+ l*OmnI*m\X0OLUpwZOmb"Z 9}Ufbhl^=20^myBx2"KLw\k6E%v~Kq`\Sooy})Ho1|b>zC{:J;WsoK No hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. WebAnother commonly used poly- olefin base oil as well The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has three food-grade designations: H1, H2 and H3. Other scale-up criteria such as equal mixing times, or equality of interfacial areas per unit volume, etc., would in general yield different relations between variables. WebMineral oils differ in their physical chemical properties (e.g. US EN. Belongs to the Following Reactive Group(s), Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. Users of Tychem Mineral oil Paraffin oil Chemsrc provides Mineral oil (CAS#:8042-47-5) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. WebWhite mineral oil 6 13. (NTP, 1992), This chemical is combustible. WebMineral oil CAS#: 8042-47-5 ChemicalBook > Product Catalog > Food Additives > Coating agent > Mineral oil Mineral oil Request For Quotation Mineral oil Suppliers list Mineral oil manufacturers mineral oil $10.00 / KG 2023-04-07 CAS:8042-47-5 Min. WebSun lotion falls into two major categories; chemical and mineral. Mineral oils are colo. (File Format: Jpg, Gif, Png, PDF,Zip,Txt,doc or xls Max Size: 3MB), Pharmacopoeial OrganicsEssential Chemicals, White mineral oil (petroleum) (8042-47-5), 7-CHLORO-4-HYDROXY-3-QUINOLINECARBOXYLIC ACID, 7-CHLORO-4-HYDROXY-QUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER, defoamin gagent [for coating] FBX-01, FBX-02, LEAD DINONYLNAPHTHALENE SULFONATE IN MINERAL OIL, BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULFONATE 50% IN MINERAL OIL, LIGHT MINERAL OIL (PARAFFINUM PERLIQUIDUM), WASTE MINERAL OIL - PCBS (LOW LEVEL)(CRM STANDARD), Potassium deuteride 20-25% in mineral oil, isotopic purity 98+%, Aluminium powder epoxy asphalt anti-mineral oil primer, Mineral oil Preparation Products And Raw materials. Get Latest Price Request a quote. [5] Some go as far as saying that it should never be used with children due to this risk. [8] It can be absorbed into the intestinal wall[4] and may cause foreign-body granulomatous reactions in some rat species. Children over 6 years old should take between 515 mL/day, in either a single or divided dose. Shelf life: 36 Month. Since the same fluid is to be used in the two cases (and assuming that the power-law constants are independent of the shear rate over the ranges encountered), m1 = m2 = m; n1 = n2 = n and 1 = 2 = , therefore the equality of Reynolds number gives: Nothing that P1 = P2, the ratio of the powers per unit volume is given by: Similarly, expressing the final result in terms of the rotational speed: Thus, power per unit volume (P/D3) increases less rapidly with both stirrer speed and impeller diameter for a shear-thinning fluid than for a Newtonian fluid (as would be expected). Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. No votes so far! HipDot, for example, focuses on marketing language that products are clean and vegan with no talc, parabens or mineral oils. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. Some members of the family include methane (CH 4 ), ethane (C 2 H 5 ), propane (C 3 H 8 ), and butane (C 4 H 10 ). This type of oil is distilled from petroleum and found in products such as cosmetics, carrier oils, some medicines and lubricant laxatives. Its uses include moisturizing the skin; treating dandruff, cradle cap, cracked feet, mild eczema, and other skin problems; removing earwax; and relieving constipation. Synonyms: Mineral oil. What are mineral oils? Required fields are marked *. jy WO3mMN+0LkqD%.s@/hOv^HSdyfg=3sP0Ms2r$+>A'3T!_}c)Au*o2?FyQL; lo`37'?0[cFbQM1&dxI9gAS8[\/ Rb@Jg &9 YU3PNsRK\\kk;W|LjGUr[A=s|r:]]_Q}iX |EP5>ew+(*-m5X6bvja5JuNjpR9w|z7MW$zPJE%;IX,$k@+,goe4T#a>? Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates? This mineral oil also occurs in several of the lower tributaries of the Alleghany River, within the coal district. Food-grade mineral oil is the type used on kitchen supplies, such as to treat wood cutting boards, countertops, etc. A variety of products have been referred to as mineral oil throughout history. Mineral oil 6 . for the intended use. Be careful not to inhale mineral oil mist, which can damage the airways and rarely even lead to pneumonia. Thats what I was thinking. Also called (in Britain and certain other countries): A colorless, odorless, tasteless oil distilled from petroleum. The oil is actually safe to leave inside your ear for a day or two, before removing it with a syringe or warm water. Recycling and reusing of used lubricating oils, Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials, Corrosion in Liquids, Corrosion Evaluation, In engines the common contaminants are airborne dust and wear products, unburnt fuel, fuel combustion products, and water. WebMolecular Formula: C16H10N2Na2O7S2: Molecular Weight (g/mol) 452.363: MDL Number: MFCD00131611: InChI Key: AEOVEGJBKQQFOP-DDVLFWKVSA-L: Synonym: acid Be the first to rate this post. Properties form viscous liquid Quality Level 100 technique (s) IR spectroscopy: suitable refractive index n20/D 1.467 (lit.) Suspending heavy solids, emulsification, gas dispersion, etc. 0000000925 00000 n The oxidation products are mainly acidic materials and asphaltenes. Naphthalene has a characteristic "moth ball" odor. or if attached gloves, visors, etc. The generic sense of paraffin meaning alkane led to regional differences for the meanings of both paraffin and paraffin oil. Buying Leads | the corresponding effective viscosity of the solution. WebBackground Information. However, it is classified as mineral oil instead of as organic oil because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. warranties, express or implied, including, without limitation, no What is mineral oil? These dead bodies got covered with layers of sand and clay. 1996 Feb;34(2):213-25. Since conditions of use are outside our control, DuPont makes no Classification of mineral hydrocarbons. Do not use this oil while pregnant, since it may lead to complications. The feedstock used in manufacturing mineral oil contains poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are classified as hazardous. Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) comprise a wide range of chemical compounds obtained mainly from petroleum distillation and refining. His boss, who he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. Web1 likes, 0 comments - Bandari Beauty | Skincare Solutions (@bandaribeauty) on Instagram: "Mineral sun protection is just a swipe away with Blue Lizards Sensitive Sunscreen Stick. Dont combine this product with other laxatives or stool softeners, which can lead to diarrhea and other gastrointestinal issues. His boss, whom he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. trailer << /Size 37 /Info 18 0 R /Root 21 0 R /Prev 170337 /ID[<7f47f298fcee03350a94c679c8b063f9><3b44e5b7d1c558004b0099cdaf737939>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 21 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 17 0 R /Metadata 19 0 R /AcroForm 22 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 14 0 R /Helv 15 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 16 0 R >> >> /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) >> endobj 35 0 obj << /S 56 /V 106 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 36 0 R >> stream The pathogenesis of T cell-mediated diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has typically been explained in the context of the Th1-Th2 paradigm: the initiation/propagation by pro-inflammatory cytokine Na(4)Si(4) and Na(4)Ge(4) are ideal chemical precursors for inorganic clathrate structures, clusters, and nanocrystals. View Pricing & Availability. It is used as a lubricant and, in medicine, as a laxative. 0000002650 00000 n Lowest temperature at which oil will pour. About Us | Deduce the functional dependence of power consumption per unit volume of fluid on the size of the impeller and the speed of rotation. For best results, repeat this process at least once a week. Boling Point: 300 C (lit.) WebBackground Information. Youll find mineral oil in baby lotions, cold creams, ointments and cosmetics because it has several advantages as a natural moisturizer: It works by keeping moisture from escaping the skin, which reduces dryness, cracking and peeling. Base Stock : A lubricant component produced by a single Petroleum Color and Viscosity The color and viscosity of petroleum vary markedly from one place to another. Lipoid pneumonia due to mineral oil aspiration is thus a recognized severe complication of this medication, and there is a need for a heightened awareness among caregivers about the potential dangers of inappropriate mineral oil use. WebMineral oil is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum, as distinct from usually edible vegetable oils. ; Eric Sloman, in Plant Engineer's Reference Book (Second Edition), 2002. It acts primarily as a stool lubricant, and is thus not associated with abdominal cramps, diarrhea, flatulence, disturbances in electrolytes, or tolerance over long periods of usage, side effects that osmotic and stimulant laxatives often engender (however, some literature suggests that these may still occur). If using it on your skin or scalp, start with several drops, ideally mixed with other beneficial ingredients. Charring may occur followed by ignition of unreacted oil and other nearby combustibles. WebMolecular Formula: C16H10N2Na2O7S2: Molecular Weight (g/mol) 452.363: MDL Number: MFCD00131611: InChI Key: AEOVEGJBKQQFOP-DDVLFWKVSA-L: Chemical Name or Material: Mineral Oil, Light: Safety and Handling. Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. Webmineral oil; mineral seal oil; mobiltherm 603; molol; moresco-white; moresco-white p 260; moresco-white p 350p; moresco-white p 70; neo-cultol; newsol; nisseki hi-white 350; Web site owner: What is mineral oil good for? Depending on the dose and how its taken, mineral oil side effects can possibly include: Here are some tips for this product in a way that limits mineral oil side effects: Is mineral oil a carcinogen? WebParaffins are straight or branched chain hydrocarbons having the chemical formula CnH2n + 2. A. P. Traders. Biologically Active Compounds | The converse applies to a shear thickening fluid (m > 1). Liquid paraffin, also known as paraffinum liquidum, paraffin oil, liquid paraffin oil or Russian mineral oil, is a very highly refined mineral oil used in cosmetics CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES? CAS #: 8042-47-5 EC Number: 232-455-8 Chemical Formula: Indeterminate. Base Stock : A lubricant component produced by a single manufacturer to the same specifications independent of feed source or Known for their excellent lubricating properties, mineral-oil-based lubricants typically are used for multipurpose lubrication of mechanical components such as bearings, chains, gears, slides and threaded connections where operating temperatures typically range from -17C to 150C. Hydraulic fracturing is a well-stimulation technique used commonly in low-permeability rocks like tight sandstone, shale, and some coal beds to increase oil and/or gas flow to a well from petroleum-bearing rock formations. Tychem ThermoPro, Tychem Reflector and Tychem TK styles 600T/601T information of DuPont or others covering any material or its use. (Look for kits that help with removal in drug stores, or ask your doctor.). CAS CAS 800 CAS 8006-64-2 Turpentine Oil - Names and Identifiers Turpentine Oil - Physico-chemical Properties Turpentine Oil - Risk and Safety Turpentine Oil - Upstream Downstream Industry Downstream Products alpha-pinene bornan-2-one Camphene Alpha-Terpineol, mixture of Alpha- and Gamma-terpineol Turpentine Oil - greater than 95% unless otherwise stated. [4] Because of this it reduces the pain caused by certain conditions such as piles (haemorrhoids). WebMolecular Formula: C16H10N2Na2O7S2: Molecular Weight (g/mol) 452.363: MDL Number: MFCD00131611: InChI Key: AEOVEGJBKQQFOP-DDVLFWKVSA-L: Synonym: acid orange 10, wool orange 2g, orange g, c.i. Because of this, Are you like 20 percent of the public that suffers from constipation? Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Liquid paraffin is a hydrating and cleansing agent. SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. CAS Number: 8042-47-5. Its used to treat wooden cutting boards, salad bowls and utensils to prevent cracking and absorption of odors. People who have internal tears (fissures) or hemorrhoids may also use this oil to help decrease discomfort. (Note: mineral oil is not a suitable carrier oil for aromatherapy or the topical application of essential oils.). [12] Based on the results, Stiftung Warentest warns not to use Vaseline or any product that is based on mineral oils for lip care. WebOne of India's leading Manufacturers of Mineral Oil is Chemicalbull. [1] The drug is endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the North American Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition, with the latter organization outlining it as a first choice for the management of pediatric constipation. In other settings, mostly unreactive. WebMineral Oil. J F Nash, et al. Cant find what youre looking for? WebChemical Names: 5 . The most known mineral oils are petrolatum and paraffin oil. otherwise stated. WebMineral Oil: A liquid by-product or hydrocarbon fluid derived from the distillation of petroleum crude oil. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Typically, they are selected from a large number of random DNA sequence libraries. Oil in this condition can have an adverse affect on the system which, in extreme cases, could lead to an adverse affect on the system which, in extreme cases, could lead to machine failure. [1] The drug is suggested to never be used in cases in which the patient is neurologically impaired or has a potential swallowing dysfunction due to potential respiration complications. Products of cyclisation and polymerisation reactions. According to a 2017 report, [Mineral oils] are used in skin and lip care cosmetic products due to their excellent skin tolerance as well as their high protecting and cleansing performance and broad viscosity options. Studies over the years have found that it can improve skins softness and barrier functions. Treating/preserving wood It can treat wood by preventing water absorption, cracks or splits. WebMineral oils (also known as base oils, mineral base oils or lubricant base oils) are chemical substances prepared from naturally occurring crude petroleum oil. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2023, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition For geometrically similar systems and in the absence of vortex formation. This information is not intended as a license to operate under or a fZbF$SRg%2OLc'_&ZOEZS^*`8/%?W_{tWu$^[EZ)pC}AK2>;0Da 4#FM/WtU#Lj'FX~$a$&`5$Y"8`EAEQbe['F/ / SEOa8 +)zX .WqQb(B8]kV +Bb7`X]H#Wui_7J]?7(w}]Z|s^+jfZhh;l}(z? Your email address will not be published. Three major types of operation are performed to refine the oil into finished products: separation, conversion and treating. Aptamers are short RNA or DNA oligonucleotides which can bind with different targets. The most common lubricating oils are crude oil distillate fractions although both synthetic and plant-based lubricating oils are used. solvent extraction followed by oleum treatment) for the high viscosity mineral oil was considered to be 1 200 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested. Synthetics are man-made through a synthesizing process and come in a number of formulations with Full products and brands: How the merch-ization of beauty is being shaped by celebs, venture capital, Best aluminum-free deodorant: Keep odor at bay naturally with these formulations, Five tips for taking care of your over-washed hands, Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820. Insoluble in water, cold ethanol or glycerol. Order: 10KG Purity: 99% Supply Ability: 1000kg White Oil $5.00 / 1kg 2023-04-07 CAS:8042-47-5 chemicals have been tested between approximately 20C and 27C unless Petroleum or Mineral oil is obtained from sedimentary rocks of the earth. $34 at Ulta Beauty. In some cases, paraffin oil and mineral oil are synonymous terms. warfare agents is defined as the time when the cumulative mass which knowledge and experience are gained. Tychem garments with attached socks must be worn inside Web161403 Mineral oil suitable for IR spectroscopy CAS Number: 8042-47-5 EC Number: 232-455-8 MDL number: MFCD00131611 Pricing and availability is not currently available. One thing to point out, however, is that it can degrade latex and should not be used with condoms. Regulation of autoimmune arthritis by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma. WebMineral Turpentine Oil - Buy Mineral Turpentine Oil at best price of Rs 130/litre by A. P. Traders. J F Nash, et al. Naphthene based mineral oils are suitable for refrigeration systems using CFC or HCFC refrigerants. Your email address will not be published. Copyright 2011. 0000000687 00000 n and VX Nerve Agent) have been tested at 22C and 50% relative humidity As greater proportions of higher molecular mass hydrocarbons are added to the mineral oil mixture, the melting point of the oil increases until it becomes waxy at room temperature. If This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. Petroleum fuels on burning gives little smoke and leaves no ash. See the most commonly confused word associated with. When taken for 2-3 days, it can penetrate and soften stools, and may also interfere with absorption of water. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) This information is based upon technical data that DuPont believes to Its chemical formula is C n H 2n+2 . [4], If injected, it can cause granulomatous reactions.[11]. Obtain medical attention. Mineral oil is not a single substance but is composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons isolated from crude petroleum 47 oil (EPA 2007, EFSA 2012, IARC 2012). Asphaltenes in association with fuel contaminants and water tend to form solids such as sludges and lacquers that can coat component parts and become entrained in the, Crush of wear debris by tooth engagement and tooth flank damage, International Gear Conference 2014: 26th28th August 2014, Lyon. Another source of mineral oil is shale, such as is to be found in vast deposits in the south-east of Scotland. Since the mixing tank is fitted with baffles, one can assume that no vortex formation will occur and the Power number is a function only of the Reynolds number. When taken internally (and therefore considered an over-the-counter drug), mineral oil is often called liquid paraffin. WebData were provided showing that the physical and chemical characteristics of high viscosity mineral oils obtained either via the conventional method (i.e. Mineral oils are distillates of petroleum, which is a liquid by-product of refining crude oil to make gasoline. . Copyright 2017 ChemicalBook All rights reserved. InChI key It is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid that is odorless and tasteless. Who supplies PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM ? orange g, c.i. 1.25 or 4.0 g/cm2]. Mineral oil is a colorless, oily, almost tasteless, water-insoluble liquid. The higher the number the higher the boiling point of the brake fluid. If youre someone who deals with an accumulation of earwax that can be hard to remove, try applying several drops of mineral oil into the ear to soften the wax. It is desired to scale-up a mixing tank for the agitation of a power-law liquid. And according to dermatologist Ava Shamban, creams that combine mineral oil and paraffin can actually damage . It is a transparent, colorless, nearly odorless, and oily liquid that is composed of saturated hydrocarbons derived from petroleum.[1]. Journals | These formulas contain active ingredients like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. *)WnkI-%"-%>yJdT ,TbkP= KEY FACTS OTHER NAMES: Petroleum jelly; paraffin jelly; vasoliment; liquid paraffin; mineral oil; paraffin oil FORMULA: Not applicable ELEMENTS: Carbon, hydrogen COMPOUND TYPE: Not applicable STATE: Semi-solid ;t$6djC<0Skr'*[LEbVA2r_wPA+"jAGZNDQv*tx1xrO|t{(ml3#F+o F+nAg68%|Wh;V=K=P]X*urZ lA_{MykW=nSnju[r/Uuks-S{K_[b+Jw}>5HrWsb%S#C$5 Mineral oil Paraffin oil Chemsrc provides Mineral oil (CAS#:8042-47-5) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. Mineral oils, greases, triglycerides and body oils are examples of hydrophobic soils, present as dispersed soil or in the form of stains. pentane, hexane, heptane) or non polar solvent will dissolve oil as will many slightly polar compounds like diethyl ether. Inhalation of vapor or particulates can cause aspiration pneumonia. It is more hygroscopic that either POE or PVE oils, but it does not undergo hydrolysis in the presence of water. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. The information reflects WebMineral oil - definition No clear definition Petroleum industry: The chemical composition is set by manufacturing processes to satisfy a range of performance, physical and toxicological properties Obtained from crude oil Complex substances of hydrocarbon components: Consists of alkanes (isoparaffincs), saturated cyclic alkanes Play Everyday Lotion SPF 50. Leave it on your scalp for an hour, comb or brush through, then shampoo and condition. WebMineral oil CAS#: 8042-47-5 ChemicalBook > Product Catalog > Food Additives > Coating agent > Mineral oil Mineral oil Request For Quotation Mineral oil Suppliers list Mineral The most common They are then struck and oiled with heavy mineral oil and dried for stuffing. protective outer footwear and are not suitable as outer footwear. Anyone intending to use this Its used as a natural laxative to help treat constipation, lubricant and moisturizer. All chemicals have been tested at a concentration of A versatile low temperature synthetic route to Zintl phase precursors: Na4Si4, Na4Ge4 and K4Ge4 as examples. Heavy mineral oil 11 . Good Answer: White mineral oil petroleum CAS 8042 47 5 Molecular formula C25H43NO3 The above information was acquired from the supplier of the oil that we use. 0000002097 00000 n Properties vapor pressure <0.1 hPa ( 20 C) form liquid color white APHA: 20 refractive index n20/D 1.467 (lit.) Mineral oils accept many additives that can impart a variety of performance benefits for custom lubrication solutions, such as protection against microwelding in threaded connections. So they are better than coal. When inserted as an enema, most of the oil will actually be excreted in the stool once someone goes to the bathroom. Mineral oil But ladies, as good as it may sound, mineral oil is often disguised as petroleum, white petroleum, paraffin, liquid paraffin, and paraffin wax. warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular use and (File Format: Jpg, Gif, Png, PDF,Zip,Txt,doc or xls Max Size: 3MB), The mailbox will be used as the login user name and retrieve the password. These oils also are compatible with many grease thickener systems. The air bubbles naturally rise to the surface, and if they do not burst quickly, a blanket of foam will form on the oil surface. Mineral oil comes in multiple grades that are based on the refinement process. If you prefer using natural skin care products over those that tend to be more perfumed, processed and potentially irritating, consider trying mineral oil. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. Cosmetic or medicinal liquid paraffin should not be confused with the paraffin (i.e. Some of the conditions it can help treat include: Another skincare use of mineral oil is removing makeup and even temporary tattoos. All Answers (21) Use organic solvents like hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether for dissolving oils or lipid containing samples. Baby oil is a petroleum-based mineral oil. WebCHEMICAL IDENTITY . ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China, Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Second Edition).

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